Mecha-civil Engineering

In future, the new and more advance engineering criterion is needed and require to build more advance building. Base on a human inspiration of idea, a different shape of building is made regarding to an advance globalization.

Architecture and Mechanical are the art and inspirational ideas from a designers. In technology era, much software’s used for making unbelievable concepts. Designers used much latest software like 3D Max, Maya and Vere. These softwares offer great options for making renderings of the architectural designs in a perfect way.

Today’s collection consists for upcoming models of Architecture, some or already in progress or slated to begin construction soon. It’s truly a mind blowing fantasy depicted in pictures. These are truly amazing and inspiring architectural designs that won’t probably get to see accomplished.

No Man’s Land: Fresh Water, Clean Energy… and Peace

Dystopian Farming in Manhattan

The Future World Trade Center

The Venus Project: Working Toward Sustainable Global Civilization

Dragonfly, a Metabolic Farm for Urban Agriculture

Songjiang Hotel: Paradise in a Water-Filled Quarry

Honorable Mention – Water Plant – David Gonzalez Fernandez, Spain

Honorable Mention – Solaric Glass Anemore Structure V – Albert Kiefer, Netherlands

Honorable Mention – 5:45 Santa Monica now boardin – Aleksander Novak-Zemplinski, USA

Honorable Mention – Wandering City – Sergey Skachkov, Russia

Honorable Mention – Gaia’s Gift – Petar Milivojevic, Belgrade, Serbia

Honorable Mention – In a Beautiful Place out in the Country – Colin Cassidy, Great Britain

Honorable Mention – Gaia’s Gift – Petar Milivojevic, Belgrade, Serbia

Mega Village 2108

Complex at the Centre of the Universe – Staszek Marek, Poland

Scaffolding Tops Safety Violations

Yesterday, OSHA revealed its top 10 most-cited violations for 2010. Thomas Galassi, OSHA’s directorate of enforcement programs said there were approximately 94,000 violations issued for fiscal year 2010, and the top 10 violations represented 48 to 49 percent of all violations.

“There is a close similarity between the top 10 from last year and this year,” Galassi said. Like last year, Scaffolding topped the list with 8,371 violations. This number shows a reduction from last year’s 9,093 total violations.

Coming in second place, with 7,559 violations, was Fall Protection.Any time a worker is at a height of four feet or more, the worker is at risk and needs to be protected. Fall protection must be provided at four feet in general industry, five feet in maritime, and six feet in construction.

Hazard Communication came in third place with 6,633 total violations. Galassi said that in previous years, hazard communication had been the most-cited violation, so its numbers have come down. Chemical manufacturers and importers are required to evaluate the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import, and prepare labels and safety data sheets to convey the hazard information to their downstream customers.

Respiratory Protection came in fourth place with 3,932 violations. Galassi said an estimated five million workers need respirators to protect them from harmful dusts, smoke, gases, vapors, and other chemicals that may cause cancer, lung impairment, and other diseases.

The rest of the OSHA’s top 10 violations are:

• Ladders – 3,820 violations
• Lockout/Tagout – 3,531 violations
• Electrical – Wiring Methods – 3,381 violations
• Powered Industrial Trucks – 3,224 violations
• Electrical – General – 2,770 violations
• Machine Guarding – 2,556 violations

Source: http://ohsonline.com/articles/2010/10/06/scaffolding-tops-oshas-violations-list-again.aspx

TIS-1 Gasdynamic LaserWeapon System

DATE OF ARTICLES : 7/2/1999

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: The TIS-1 (Tactical Infantry System1) is a gasdynamic laser weapon system conceived by Stavatti Corporation in direct response to the Statement of Objectives corresponding to the LFLAN (Light Fighter Lethality After Next). The TIS-1 is a revolutionary tactical weapon system for the individual combatant that will deliver a first round probability of hit using directed laser light as the lethal mechanism in selectable bursts from 1 to 170 shots per minute in excess of 60% at a range of 500 meters and 80% at 1500 meters.

Functioning of the System

The TIS-1 Gasdynamic Laser Weapon System will function as a result of gasdynamic thermal pumping of a 10%, 89% and 1% mixture of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Helium gas respectively. Initially contained at a state of thermal equilibrium at a high temperature (2173K) and pressure (272 atm) within a gas reservoir heated by a Polonium-210 power cell offering a high energy density of 141 W/g, the gas mixture is permitted, upon release of the weapon trigger, to enter a restrictive nozzle throat annulus whereby the gas will achieve local sonic velocity (Mach 1.0). Exiting the annulus, the gas is permitted to enter a supersonic expansion nozzle, consisting of an inverted aerospike configuration.

Within the expansion nozzle, the gas temperature and pressure will be significantly reduced (to 288.1 K and O.1122 atm respectively) resulting in the onset of a hypersonic gas velocity of 1998 m/s (Mach 5.98). This rapid expansion process, occurring within the relaxation time of the upper and lower vibrational energy states of the gas mixture, results in the vibrational freezing of the gas molecules, thereby inducing a sequence of laser pumping cascading through a laser cavity of 40 cm length. Incorporating a resonance chamber consisting of both primary and secondary mirrors separated by a chamber length of 50 cm, the TIS-1 will provide a beam of 10.6 micrometer wavelength laser light for a duration of 0.35 seconds with a net energy output to target of approximately 1.9 kW. The TIS-1 is capable of delivering up to 170 bursts per minute on fully automatic mode, or one burst per trigger release for precision sniping. Effective range of the TIS-1 is dependent upon dispersion of the 1.3mm diameter laser beam over distance and is estimated at excess of 1500 meters. Powered by a Po-210 thermal energy source, the TIS-1 concept provides a practical, fieldable directed energy weapon.

Advantages of the System

The TIS-1 Gasdynamic Laser Weapon System Offers Numerous Significant Advantages Over Competing Systems Including:

• A Totally Integrated, Stand-Alone Personal Tactical Weapon System For the Individual Light Fighter.

• A Concise, Directed Lethal Mechanism Without Dispersion or Course Deviation For Over 1500 Meters

• A System that Contains An Integrated High Energy Density Power Source (Po-210) That Provides Continuous Energy, And ResultantWeapons Use, For Over 60 Days

• A Weapon That Delivers a Lethal Beam In The Millisecond Time-Frame Capable of Penetrating Medium Material Targets In All Atmospheres and Operational Environments

• A System That Is Fully Compatible With Existing Training Techniques and M16/M4 Accessories (Including M203 Grenade Launchers, etc.) As Well As Next Generation Target Distinguish/Designation Systems.

• A System That is Tactically Superior To All Future Weapon Systems Potential US/NATO Adversaries Will Ever Consider Developing, Derived Solely From US Research/Technology.

I. Introduction

Stavatti Corporation has developed a novel tactical directed energy weapon for submission as a direct response to the LFLAN(Light Fighter Lethality After Next) requirement. Based upon ground-breaking research performed at the Avco Everett Research Laboratory in conjunction with ARPA and the USAF by Gerry, et. al, Stavatti proposes a compact GASDYNAMIC LASER MODULAR WEAPON SYSTEM to attain, and/or exceed all LFLAN requirements. The Stavatti concept, designated the TIS-1 (Tactical Infantry System-1) by Stavatti Corporation, consists of a

modular light rifle weapon system that delivers a coherent, directed Laser beam over a range in excess of 1500 meters to achieve lethality against visible and defilade targets. The TIS-1 differs from competing directed energy weapon concepts in providing a total integrated weapon system, including high energy density power source, laser medium, resonator and focusing system, in a unit length of approximately 107cm (42.1 in), a unit height of approximately 26 cm (10.25 in) and a total system weight of approximately 4.17 kg (9.2 lbs).

The Stavatti LFLAN candidate will provide a rugged, fieldable weapon system suitable for large force infantry and precision targeting operations alike through a previously unconsidered means. Although slightly heavier than the present M16/M4 system weight, the TIS-1 will offer the ability to engage targets at greater ranges, increase the probability of first round hit from a 'cold' article, increase the total duration and volume of available firepower associated with the individual light fighter on the battlefield, and, with the incorporation of an integrated targeting designation/identification system, provide the capability to distinguish and designate a particular target from a class of targets.

II. System Concept

The TIS-1 has been developed to satisfy the requirements as stipulated in the LFLAN Statement of Objectives as issued 5/21/99. Primary objectives of the LFLAN system as declared in the Statement of Work include the delivery of a weapon system to serve as a Follow-On-To the existing M16/M4 Modular Weapon System with attachments in the 2020 to 2025 time frame.

The goal of the LFLAN is to deliver a high probability of hit for the first round fired, minimal collateral damage, extended effective range and the ability to hit visible and defilade targets alike under all tactical battlefield conditions. Specifically, it is stated that the LFLAN system must maintain a 90% probability of hit at 500 meters (547 yrds) and 75% at 1000 meters (1094 yrds). Additional goals of the LFLAN include the ability to ensure a high probability of hit at extended ranges despite the potential motion of the target or launch platform/atmospheric conditions that may alter the path of the lethal mechanism. To achieve these additional goals, it is suggested that the lethal mechanism will maintain the ability to alter its course while on-route to the designated target. In summary, the ultimate LFLAN system must ensure that the lethal mechanism as released by the LFLAN will engage the designated target, despite adverse launch or environment conditions or evasive target motion over a range in excess of 1000 meters.

To address the LFLAN Statement of Objectives, Stavatti Corporation, an aerospace defense prime contractor, has focused upon providing a modular tactical weapon system that offers the greatest degree of effective accuracy and lethality over a range of 1000 meters. Rather than concentrate upon a lethal mechanism that can alter course in midflight to ensure target engagement, the Stavatti LFLAN concept relies upon delivery of a lethal mechanism that will engage the designated target in a near instantaneous time frame upon release. Coupled with a suitable target designation system to permit the designation of a particular target from a class of targets, the near instantaneous delivery of the lethal mechanism will result in the engagement of the target prior to evasive measures and other motion as undertaken by the target.

Upon an analysis of potentially suitable tactical lethal mechanisms, the mechanism determined to deliver the highest probability of kill over extended range in a near-instantaneous time frame was a LASER. Specifically, Stavatti selected to propose a tactical weapon system that employed a coherent beam of directed laser energy as the lethal mechanism. Traditionally, lasers and similar directed energy weapons maintain significant size and power requirements. Although the lethality and functionality of lasers as lethal mechanisms has been proven through previous DoD efforts, leading to the current development of the Air Borne Laser (ABL) for ballistic missile defense, tactical laser weapons suitable for widespread use by individual infantry men were previously unavailable due to size, weight and power requirements.

In response to LFLAN requirements, however, Stavatti Corporation has developed a means by which a tactical laser weapon system can be incorporated into the US DoD/NATO infantry corps as a primary system. The Stavatti TIS-1, is a gasdynamic laser that delivers a beam of coherent laser energy over a distance in excess of 1500 meters (1640 yrds) in a near instantaneous time-frame, estimated at approximately 0.905 milliseconds Employing a gasdynamic laser concept, whereby a mixture of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen gas is thermally pumped to the population energy inversion necessary to sustain the lasing process via the rapid expansion of the gas mixture through a supersonic nozzle, permits the development of a weapon system that provides an output intensity sufficient to serve as a lethal mechanism while significantly reducing the overall physical dimensions of the weapon chassis.

To facilitate the gasdynamic process and provide the output energy necessary to deliver a lethal mechanism, a high density power cell fueled by Polonium-210 (Po-210) is employed. Use of Po-210, a radioisotope that provides approximately 141 watts/gram of thermal energy through continuous emission of alpha particles, permits the delivery of the heat energy ultimately necessary to facilitate the gas lasing process. This combination of employing a laser beam produced by a gasdynamic laser process as fueled by the heat energy supplied by a Po-210 power source results in a directed energy weapon concept that, upon further development, will lend to the widespread deployment of a tactical laser weapon for infantry men, offering greater lethality and effective range than the present M16/M4 system.

III. System Application and Use

The Stavatti TIS-1 will serve as a direct Follow-On-To the M16/M4 Modular Weapon System fulfilling the requirement for an individual rifle article for individual infantry personnel. Differing from the M16/M4 systems through the application of a laser beam of 10.6m m wavelength as the lethal mechanism, the TIS-1 concept will maintain largely similar dimensions to the M16 system although a weight increase of approximately 1.0 lb will be incurred due to the requirements specific to a laser weapon system including power supply and liquid/air coolant. The TIS-1 is a totally integrated article, containing everything necessary for system operation within the individual weapon chassis, thereby differing from alternate directed energy weapon concepts that may require elaborate power supply systems, targeting systems, etc. in addition to the beam delivery device.

The TIS-1 will be capable of delivering a maximum rate of fire of approximately 170 lethal laser bursts per minute with each individual burst lasting a maximum of 0.35 seconds delivering approximately 1900 thermal watts in the 10.6m m wavelength to the designated target over the duration of the burst. Differing from the individual small arms currently employed by the US DoD, the TIS-1 does not employ ammunition in the conventional sense, relying upon the thermal energy provided by a Po-210 power source which offers a half-life of approximately 138 days. Thus, the TIS-1 may be fielded for continuous tactical use for a period of over 60 days at which time the Po-210 power cell must be replaced or experience a significant reduction in energy delivery per burst. The TIS-1 will be produced in largely conventional rifle frame consisting of a barrel, stock, handle, trigger, etc. and will be fully capable of accepting current inventory accessories including spotting/targeting scopes, bayonets, M203 grenade launcher, along with future advanced targeting systems that would permit target distinguish/designate capabilities.

The TIS-1 will include provisions for a radioisotopic thermoelectric generator (RTG) power cell such that residual Po-210 thermal energy can produce useful power to drive said target designators/accessories. The TIS-1 will require only slightly additional training per infantry personnel than conventional weapon systems and will greatly enhance the lethality of the individual soldier as the lack of vibration and projectile in-flight deviation as associated with traditional firearms will be significantly diminished.

IV. System Technical Overview and Functional Characteristics

The TIS-1 consists of a gasdynamic laser integrated into a modular light rifle configuration measuring approximately 107cm (42.1 in) long, approximately 26 cm (10.25 in) high and with a total system weight of approximately 4.17 kg (9.2 lbs) including a dry weapon weight of 3.02 kg (6.65 lbs) and a consumable laser medium/Po-210 and coolant weight of 1.16 kg (2.55 lbs.) The TIS-1 functions as a conventional rifle system with the depression of a trigger located immediately forward of the weapon handle used to initiate the lasing process and discharge the lethal laser beam.

Considering the mechanism by which the TIS-1 will provide a lethal laser beam in the configuration as proposed, the following description has been provided to concisely summarize how the TIS-1 functions. The TIS-1 is a gas laser whereby 75.23 grams (2.5612 moles) CO2 N 2 He gas in a 10%, 89% and 1% proportioned mixture respectively is initially contained in a Titanium/Boron Nitride cylindrical gas reservoir measuring 40cm long and 7.62cm in diameter (roughly equivalent to 1824 cc) at ambient temperature (288.1K) and a pressure of 36.14 atm (531 psi). To increase the energy level of the CO2 N 2 He gas mixture, a Zirconium-Nickel fuel rod approximately 40cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter containing approximately 740 grams (78cc) of Polonium-210 (Po-210) is contained within, and located down the centerline of, the cylindrical gas reservoir. The Po-210 provides a thermal energy source of approximately 141 watts/gram through the emission of alpha particles via the process of nuclear decay. This energy source provides a significant power density while alleviating the shielding requirements and apparent health risks associated with gamma ray emitting radionuclides. The presence of the Po-210 in the reservoir chamber will result in the delivery of approximately 104.34 kW to the CO2 N 2 He gas mixture, thereby raising the gas to a state of thermal equilibrium corresponding to an internal reservoir pressure of approximately 272.1 atm, temperature of 2173.16 K and gas density of 44 kg/m 3 . Similar in design to a supersonic wind tunnel or rocket motor, upon release of the TIS-1 trigger, the CO2 N 2 He gas mixture is released via a reservoir relief valve into an annular constricting throat consisting of an annulus of 3.05cm internal diameter and an overall throat height of 0.0093 cm, corresponding to the effective relaxation time of the upper and lower energy states of the Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen gas. Total annular throat area is approximately 0.0934 cm2 .

At the center of the annulus is a 3.05cm diameter primary mirror, marking the beginning of the laser resonator tube. The passage of the CO2 N 2 He gas through the throat results in the acceleration of the gas mixture to supersonic speed, or approximately 843.6 m/s (Mach 1.0) at a throat temperature of 1837 K, a throat pressure of 142.3 atm and a gas density of 27.26 kg/m 3 . Total distance from gas reservoir to throat is approximately 4.25 cm. From the throat, the gas mixture expands into a distinct expansion nozzle consisting of an inverted aerospike (or aerojet) design with an expansion area of 7.85 cm2 over a distance of approximately 10.0 cm. This expansion zone, serving the purpose of a laval type nozzle on a rocket motor, accelerates the gas mixture to supersonic velocities while significantly reducing the temperature, pressure and density of the gas mixture. Specifically, over the 10.0 cm long inverted aerospike expansion region, the CO2 N 2 He gas attains a mean velocity of 1998 m/s (corresponding to a local Mach number of 5.98) with a temperature of 288.1K, a pressure of 0.1122 atm and a density of 0.137 kg//m 3 .

The expansion to supersonic velocities is the key to the gasdynamic laser as through this expansion process, the gas mixture which was at thermal equilibrium without any population-energy inversion is subjected to a rapid decrease in gas mixture temperature and pressure in a time span that is relatively short in comparison to the vibrational relaxation time of the upper energy levels of the CO2 N 2 gas. Concurrently, the He in the mixture serves as a catalyst to reduce the relaxation time of the lower energy levels in the CO2 N 2 gas to a duration shorter than that of the expansion process, thus resulting in a significant disparity in upper and lower energy levels in the CO2 N 2 gas mixture and the occurrence of vibrational freezing where the vibrational energy of CO2 N 2 molecules is ‘hung up’ at a population level characteristic of that realized in the reservoir, or stagnation, region. It is ultimately an inversion of energy level populations caused by the rapid expansion to supersonic velocities of a hot gas mixture originally at thermal equilibrium that provides the lasing, or pumping action and corresponding high energy density of the TIS-1 weapon system. Once through the expansion nozzle, the gas mixture flows through a laser cavity with an overall length of 40 cm and constant diameter of 3.05 cm. Throughout the laser cavity, the gas remains in a state of ‘population inversion’ for a distance of 40cm, providing a medium by which lasing is stimulated. Directly at the end of the laser cavity is a secondary mirror of 3.05 cm diameter, which is spaced a distance of approximately 50 cm from the primary mirror located at the center of the throat annulus, upstream of the expansion flow. This mirror is located immediate at the end of the laser cavity and is accompanied by a diffuser duct to divert the supersonic CO2 N 2 He gas flow around the mirror via an inverted aerospike effect, similar to that applied in the case of the primary mirror as a fore mentioned. The entire process of transfer of the CO2 N 2 He gas mixture from the gas reservoir to the throat, through the expansion nozzle and downstream through the laser cavity to produce the coherent energy beam, is estimated to require approximately 40 milliseconds.

The laser beam produced will have a wavelength of 10.6m m with a corresponding output beam diameter of approximately 1.3mm. Total net output power is estimated at 1.9 kW over a burst time of 0.35 seconds corresponding to a lethal net beam intensity in excess of 760 watts/ cm2 dependent ultimately upon the configuration of the laser resonator, the radius of curvature of the secondary and primary mirrors, etc. Total losses due to expansion throat inefficiency, boundary layer effects, collisional deactivation, laser cavity inefficiency, mirror absorption and unliberated laser energy is estimated at 16.4 kW Once flow has been achieved through the laser cavity, the CO2 N 2 He gas mixture is diverted into an annulus that reverses gas flow through a gas diverter duct, where the flow remains supersonic (at 1990 m/s) and a temperature of approximately 300K. The diverter duct spans the length of the gun ‘barrel,’ thereby retaining a reasonable temperature throughout the weapon’s barrel length. Midway through the barrel, the gas is circulated through a catalytic converter (as developed by STC Corporation) such that the gas may remain in a closed environment indefinitely. The gas flow is then returned, via diffusion and a pressure differential provided by an integrated electrical pump into the gas reservoir for a reinitiation of the gasdynamic laser cycle.

Due to the significant temperatures associated with the gas reservoir, a liquid cooling system must be incorporated into the weapon system such that the gas reservoir and compression zone immediately prior to the expansion nozzle throat is encased in a jacket of cyclic coolant, exposed to ambient conditions via a radiator located on the right side of weapon system, directly perpendicular to the gun frame. Furthermore, to reduce the weight of the weapon system that incorporates pressure vessels requiring significant strength, the TIS-1 will be composed largely of Titanium and Stainless Steel alloys for all pressure vessels with use of Carborundum AX05 Grade Boron Nitride materials in high temperature regions. The weapon frame will be composed largely of injection molded components and autoclave cured IM9/AFR 700B graphite/BMI composites.

V. Contractor Previous and Related Work

Stavatti Corporation is an aerospace defense prime contractor established in 1994. Stavatti is responsible for the conception, design, development, prototyping, evaluation, qualification, production, sales, service and support of tactical and strategic air warfare systems, general aviation systems and related defense articles. Stavatti is presently undertaking the DEM/VAL program of the F-26 Stalma multi-role fighter as a commercial, company initiated follow-on-to F-16 for US/NATO allies.

Stavatti has not previously, nor is currently involved in an effort to develop a qualified small arm weapon system similar to the weapon system concept as so stated in the LFLAN Statement of Objectives. Stavatti Corporation has, however, pursued the conception and development of a high power, gas dynamic laser weapon system for use on tactical aircraft as a Follow-On-To M61A2 Vulcan 20mm cannon as a corporate initiative.

VI. System Technical Challenges and Risk

The Stavatti TIS-1 gasdynamic laser weapon system maintains a high degree of technical risk, mainly consisting of the development of a system architecture for the Po-210 power source. Currently, Po-210 is produced only in microgram quantities for research purposes at facilities such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Po-210 production must be significantly increased as the Stavatti LFLAN concept is heavily dependent upon securing gram quantities of this material which, although poses no threat via radioactivity (it is an alpha emitter), is chemically toxic.

Furthermore, the TIS-1 design results in significant heat energy transfer which must be insulated from the user while the weapon is in use. Additionally, residual Po-210 thermal energy must dissipated while the weapon is in a storage mode-in essence the system produces 104 kW of heat energy which if harnessed through a RTG generator, could be used to provide significant electrical energy.

Although a compact weapon due to the use of the gasdynamic laser process, Stavatti estimates significant weapon weight increases as the system is developed for field use. A significant development and per unit cost is also envisioned for the TIS-1 as the weapon system is composed of significant quantities of exotic materials uncommon for a small arm, in addition to the cost of Po-210, the cost of which in pound quantities is yet to be explored due to its current absence of commercial applications. Finally, it is estimated that the weapon will deliver a recoil force of approximately 90lbs in the forward direction upon discharge, thereby requiring the employment of a recoil alleviation/mitigation system.

Methane Rocket Engine

Impressive!! Test firing of a 7500 pound LOX/methane engine

Liquid propellant engine that uses liquid methane as a fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. The first working methane rocket engine was build and fired by the NASA contractor team Alliant Techsystem/XCOR Aerospace and remains in an early stage of development. In January 2007, XCOR announced that it had conducted a series of successful test firings of its new 7500 pound thrust methane rocket to characterize engine performance.

Surprisingly, methane has never been used to propel a rocket or spacecraft. One of the issues surrounding it is that methane needs an ignition source. So-called hypergolic propellants ignite spontaneously when mixed with the oxidizer, but methane must be ignited before it will burn. This may make it harder to use in the solar system where planetary temperatures drop to hundreds of degrees below zero. One of the challenges in using methane for deep space missions will be to ensure that the rocket can be ignited in all conditions.

What is Engineering in Earth?

Believe that....

*If it's Green, it's Biology...

*If it Stinks, it's Chemistry...

*If it doesn't work, it's Physics...

**If it works but no one knows why, it's Engineering...

The person who find the solution for the engineering, called as an Engineer. The engineer creates that which thing never was...

Why Engineer?

Ingineniur (IR) : from old french 'engeigneur' represent a war machine. All of this word derive from the Latin "genius" meaning

- A divine spirit presiding at birth

- A talent, natural gift

So??? Engineering = Problem Solving related with machine, motion, activity and so on...

What is the principles?? - See and imagine

Before we think a problem, observe anything around us. Discover what people doing and what are they use to do their work? Try to imagine what is the solution after few minutes...

Good Imagination = Good Engineer

So what it's application?

They use scientific and mathematical principal to

*Design, construction and operation of

---Structures

---Equipment

---Systems

The HISTORY of engineering

1824 Civil Engineering

1865 Mechanical Engineering

1865 Mining Engineering

1873 Metallurgical Engineering

1885 Electrical Engineering

1888 Chemical Engineering

1893 Naval Architecture

1910 Aeronautical Engineering

1958 Nuclear Engineering

1974 Materials Engineering

Obey the speech of Scientist

“Too long have our schools of applied science and technology been regarded as affording an inferior substitute for classical colleges. Too long have the graduates of such schools been spoken of as though they had acquired the arts of livelihood at some sacrifice of mental, intellectual culture, and grace of life”

- Francis A. Walker

President, MIT, 1891

“It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things.”

- Machiavelli

“The mind is not a receptacle; information is not education. Education is what remains after the information that has been taught has been forgotten.”

- Robert M. Hutchins

…and science, history, and literature are but means used to accomplish this desired end. True education seeks to make men and women not only good mathematicians, proficient linguists, profound scientists, or brilliant literary lights, but also honest people with virtue, temperance, and brotherly love. It seeks to make men and women who prize truth, justice, wisdom, benevolence, and self-control as the choicest acquisitions of a successful life.”

- David O. McKay

“Before I came here I was confused about this subject. Having listened to your lecture I am still confused, but on a higher level.”

- Enrico Fermi

“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise.”

- F. Scott Fitzgerald

“The object of a liberal education is not to teach the young all they will ever need to know. It is to give them the habits, ideas, and techniques that they need to continue to educate themselves. Thus, the object of formal institutional liberal education in youth is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.”

- Robert M. Hutchins

Conclusion

If want to be successful professionally. First, learn to do your job in 42 hours per week, and Then, work 84 hours per week.

Abaqus Unified FEA

Efficient Modeling Tools

In today’s product development environment, geometry and models often come from a variety of sources. The Abaqus UnifiedFEA product suite offers a hybrid modeling approach that enables users to work with geometry-based data alongside imported meshes without associated geometry. Abaqus/CAE provides apowerful modeling and visualization environment, emphasizingease-of-use and ease-of-customization to capture and reuseproven analysis workflows. With Abaqus/CAE, dedicated expertand occasional novice users alike can create, edit, monitor,diagnose, and visualize basic to complex finite element ormultiphysics analyses.Feature-based, parametric modeling also makes Abaqus/CAEa highly efficient and effective pre- and postprocessor for everyanalysis need. Abaqus/CAE enables users to leverage thecomplete range of Abaqus analysis functionality, such asacoustics, connectors, damage, fracture, and failure. FamiliarAbaqus concepts such as steps, interactions, sections, materials, and amplitudes make the user interface highly intuitive.

Geometry

Parts and assemblies can be created in Abaqus/CAE using the constraint-driven sketcher, or they can be imported from CADsystems using neutral file formats. In addition, CAD associative interfaces for CATIA V5, Solid Works, and Pro/ENGINEERallow the synchronization of CAD and CAE assemblies and rapid model updates with no loss of user-defined analysis features. A comprehensive range of geometry creation and repair tools are available for querying, editing, repairing, and defeaturing geometry.

Meshing

Abaqus/CAE offers a comprehensive meshing environment and provides a variety of sophisticated approaches for simplifying and speeding up mesh creation. An example isthe automatic virtual topology toolset, which can be used to ignore unnecessary geometric details in a model. Structured,swept, free, and bottom-up hex meshing techniques enable high-quality meshes to be generated rapidly on complex geometries. All Abaqus elements and options can be used,including continuum and gasket elements and adaptive remeshing.

Analysis Procedures

The Abaqus Unified FEA product suite is routinely employed by leading companies in industries as diverse as automotive,aerospace, defense, biomedical, and consumer products. Astrong tradition of robustness and accuracy, combined with high performance and ease-of-use, has made Abaqus FEA software indispensable for simulating the behavior of productsin real-world conditions.

Abaqus/Standard employs solution technology ideal for staticand low-speed dynamic events where highly accurate stress solutions are critically important. Examples include sealing pressure in a gasket joint, steady-state rolling of a tire, orcrack propagation in a composite airplane fuselage. Withina single simulation, it is possible to analyze a model both inthe time and frequency domain. For example, one may startby performing a nonlinear engine cover mounting analysis including sophisticated gasket mechanics. Following the mounting analysis, the prestressed natural frequencies of thecover can be extracted, or the frequency domain mechanical and acoustic response of the prestressed cover to engineinducedvibrations can be examined.

Complementing Abaqus/Standard, the explicit solution technology employed by Abaqus/Explicit is well-suited forhigh-speed dynamic events such as consumer electronics drop testing, automotive crashworthiness, and ballistic impact.The ability of Abaqus/Explicit to effectively handle severely discontinuous behavior such as contact also makes it veryattractive for the simulation of quasi-static events such asrolling of hot metal, sheet stamping, and slow crushing of energy-absorbing structures.

The Abaqus Unified FEA product suite allows transferringresults between different solution technologies whenappropriate. For example, Abaqus/Explicit can be used topredict stresses that arise during manufacturing; then thesestresses can be used as the starting point for an assemblyanalysis in Abaqus/Standard. The assembled product couldthen be subjected to severe misuse loading in Abaqus/Explicit.

Advanced Materials

Increasing regulation, environmental concerns, and the need for lighter, more efficient products are forcing designers to seek out new materials such as lead-free solder, composites,and plastics. The Abaqus Unified FEA product suite providesan extensive library of material models that can be used to simulate the realistic behavior of such modern materials in addition to more traditional engineering materials such asmetals and rubber. Delamination of a composite panel, tearing of a spot weld, cracking in an electronics ball grid array, and debonding ofan adhesive joint all involve initiation and propagation of damage.

In some situations, damage accumulation can leadto catastrophic failure. Abaqus provides a general frameworkfor modeling progressive damage that can help predict suchfailures, thus enabling manufacturers to produce safer designs and avoid costly prototypes. Modeling composite laminates and calibrating advanced material models has traditionally been time-consuming and error-prone. Abaqus includes state-of-the-art tools for composite lay-up modeling and interactive material evaluation that accelerate model set-up and reduce possible modelingerrors.

Extending the Power of Simulation

Abaqus offers a range of innovative analysis techniques to simplify tasks and reduce overall development time.For example, the direct cyclic procedure provides a computationally efficient way to analyze steady-state responseto cyclic loading, making it an attractive feature in electronicsor powertrain applications where thermal fatigue is of concern. Adaptive remeshing alleviates uncertainty in mesh creationby automatically remeshing only where necessary to ensure accuracy.

Many applications today involve the interaction of multiplephysical phenomena. For example, to design safe andeffective drug-eluting stents, engineers must account for theinterplay between blood flow and stent deformation. Other challenging applications include coupled piezoelectric-acoustic effects in the design of hearing aids and coupled thermal electrochemical interaction in fuel cell design. To address these applications, Abaqus offers a wide range of multiphysics capabilities including thermal-electrical, structural-acoustic,and pore fluid flow-mechanical interaction. Abaqus also supports open standards code coupling, which allows usersto couple both commercial and in-house CFD software with Abaqus to perform Fluid-Structure Interaction analysis.

Contact

Manufacturing processes, bolted assemblies, snap-fits, and impact events all involve interaction between contacting bodies. Understanding the behavior of components when they come into contact is critical to designing better products. TheAbaqus Unified FEA product suite provides comprehensive contact modeling capabilities such as the ability to model interactions between deformable bodies, rigid bodies, and selfcontact.

The general contact capability in Abaqus automaticallydetects contact between different bodies with little needfor user intervention. Solution accuracy is improved by eliminating the possibility of missed contact definitions. This powerful capability dramatically reduces the time needed to define contact for complex assemblies such as those founding automobiles, aircraft, consumer products, and portable electronics.

Visualization

The comprehensive set of best-in-class visualization options inAbaqus/CAE helps users interpret and communicate analysis results. Visual diagnostics enable the progress of analyses tobe tracked and assessed easily. Very large, complex modelscan be visualized using a wide range of options including contour, path, X–Y, and ply stack plots.

In addition, results inspecific regions can be evaluated using display groups, viewcuts, and free body cuts. Simulation results can be output in a variety of formats including images, reports, animations, and 3D XML files. Abaqus/CAE provides unique visualization and plotting capabilities for Abaqus FEA that are not available in other post processing products. These features enable rapid results extraction and visualization, which help users review simulation results efficiently and collaborate effectively with colleagues to drive product design decisions.

High-Performance Simulation

Reducing analysis turn around time enables the examination of multiple and more detailed design scenarios. Thedistributed memory parallel direct solver technology inAbaqus/Standard sets a new benchmark for the industry, demonstrating impressive scaling and robustness. Theparallel implementation of Abaqus/Explicit, based on domain decomposition technology, greatly accelerates the solution process and boosts productivity.

Today, effective parallel scaling is available on up to 64 CPUs for a range of industrial applications; models that may take days to run on a singleCPU can now be run overnight.Abaqus/Standard also provides a framework for high performance, large-scale linear dynamics powered by theAbaqus/AMS eigensolver. Combined with features suchas substructures and material damping, Abaqus delivers acompelling solution for powertrain and body-in-white noise and vibration studies.

Customization

The capture and deployment of proven analysis work flows provides significant benefits to organizations. The Abaqus Scripting Interface, Abaqus GUI Toolkit, and user subroutines provide the ability to customize Abaqus.From macros and plug-ins to complete vertical applications, users are able to automate basic and advanced analysis tasks and processes. This capability allows organizations to capture the expertise of skilled analysts and deploy robust analysis methods across their enterprise for routine use. Such automated environments enable experienced analysts andnon-expert FEA users to share data and methods, ensuring that results are reliable and reproducible. The Abaqus scripting and automation capabilities provide an effective way to rapidly explore design options, which ultimately results in significant cost savings and product innovations.

Driving Innovation with Realistic Simulation

Harvesting Clean, Renewable Ocean PowerPelamis Wave Power Ltd (PWP) is harnessing the renewable energy source of the ocean with their innovative Wave Energy Converter (WEC) machines. To generate electricity, the Pelamis machines are linked together in a“wave farm” on the ocean’s surface. Hydraulic rams resistthe motion of the waves and pump hydraulic fluid through electricity-producing generators. A wave farm of 40 Pelamis machines, covering a square kilometer of ocean surface, is capable of generating electric power for 20,000 homes.To design an adaptable, rugged, and clean-running machine, PWP has selected Abaqus FEA software toevaluate the sub-parts of their machines for stress, contact,and fatigue. Pelamis engineers incorporate data fromhydraulic system tests, electrical layouts, and production assembly while lever aging the extensive material modeling and nonlinear analysis capabilities in Abaqus to conduct realistic performance studies.Pelamis engineers developed a novel joint configuration designed to create a tunable, cross-coupled resonant response to waves. This allows the machine to be “turnedup” to increase power capture in small seas, and “turneddown” to limit motion loads in rough seas. To assess the reliability of this unique response characteristic, PWP engineers performed a considerable number of FEA driven design iterations and validated them with fatigue tests. Their efforts resulted in innovative Wave Energy Converters that are reliable, efficient, and environmentally sound.

Accelerating Reliability Evaluation of Automotive Electronics

Delphi’s Electronics & Safety division produces an array of electronic components that control a wide range offunctions in today’s automobiles, including entertainment, security, brakes, and powertrain systems. These electronic systems are subject to extreme heat and vibration, especially under the hood.

Significantly, the largest driver of field failure in automotive electronics systems is repeated temperature cycling.With the ability to produce one billion solder joints per day,it is critical for Delphi’s design engineers to have the abilityto evaluate the thermal cycling of their solder joints quickly and accurately. To support this high-volume electronics production, the Delphi simulation and analysis group developed a Web interface to Abaqus, called D-Cube,which enables their design engineers to input electronics specificdesign parameters into an online form and submit their designs for thermal cycling analysis. This innovative customized interface to Abaqus saves Delphi an enormous amount of time and cost and opens doors to design innovation. It enables design engineers to quickly explore different configurations for automotive electronics packages and select the optimal solution to meet their electronics reliability requirements.